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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH - 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36719/2789-6919/64/60-67
Protection of Civilians During Armed Conflicts: Fundamental Principles of International Humanitarian Law and Challenges of Implementation
Sevinj Alakbarova 
Abstract. Armed conflicts expose civilians to death, injury, displacement and the destruction of essential infrastructure, particularly in densely populated urban areas. This article examines the legal foundations of civilian protection under international humanitarian law and the main obstacles to its implementation. Using a doctrinal, descriptive and analytical method based on treaties, case law and scholarly literature, it analyses the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the Additional Protocols of 1977 and customary law, focusing on the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution and humanity. It also reviews the special protection of women, children, the wounded and sick, displaced persons, and medical and humanitarian personnel. The article identifies key challenges: direct and indiscriminate attacks on civilians, forced displacement, obstruction of humanitarian relief, urban warfare, and the legal questions raised by drones, cyber operations and artificial intelligence. It also notes the gap between legal standards and enforcement. It concludes that effective protection requires stronger compliance mechanisms, systematic legal training, documentation of violations and consistent accountability.
Keywords: international humanitarian law, civilian population, armed conflict, protection of civilians, legal responsibility
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